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Substrate Bridge ​

Main Components ​

SORA interaction with Polkadot/Kusama and other relay chains is visualised in the following diagram:

UML diagram code

@startuml

skinparam component {
  BorderColor white
  BackgroundColor red
  FontColor white
}

skinparam interface {
  BorderColor black
  BackgroundColor red
}

Component [SORA mainnet]
interface "Federated\nbridge" as FB

cloud {
  [SORA parachain] as SP
  [Relay chain\n(Polkadot/Kusama)] as RC
  interface "XCM" as XCM1
  interface "XCM" as XCM2
  [Other parachains] as OP
}

[SORA mainnet] - FB
FB - SP
SP - XCM1
XCM1 - RC
RC - XCM2
XCM2 - OP
@enduml

Let's go through all the components mentioned in the figure:

SORA Mainnet ​

A standalone network developed on top of the Substrate blockchain is the main object of this documentation. It has all the incoming and outgoing messages to other systems crossing the Federated Bridge, which is a central gateway to an external ecosystem.

Federated Bridge ​

You can read about the Federated Bridge in Interoperability.

SORA Parachain ​

The SORA parachain serves as a blockchain gateway, allowing seamless integration between SORA and any relay chain ecosystem. It facilitates automatic token transfers, eliminating the need for users to send tokens via extrinsics on the SORA parachain. By design, the SORA parachain eliminates the requirement for additional transaction signing. The parachain maintains a comprehensive record of tokens that can be transferred, with registration information stored in the XCMApp pallet. This information includes the mapping between the SORA mainnet AssetId and XCM Multilocation for each token.

Relay chain ​

In the Polkadot and Kusama ecosystems, the relay chain refers to the main blockchain network that serves as the backbone for the entire network of connected parachains. It acts as a hub or coordinator for multiple parachains, facilitating their communication and interoperability.

The relay chain provides several important features, including cross-chain messaging (XCM), shared security, scalability, and upgradeability. It enables parachains to communicate with each other through the Cross-Chain Message Passing protocol (usually utilising XCM messaging format), allowing the transfer of assets and data between different chains.

Parachains ​

Parachains are specialized blockchains that connect to the relay chain. They can have their own consensus mechanisms, governance models, and specific functionality. They rely on the relay chain for security and the ability to interact with other parachains within the ecosystem. As the name suggests, the SORA parachain is also a parachain within this architecture.

WARNING

The execution of XCM transfers and the handling of incoming messages will vary between different chains. Each connected parachain should have its own dedicated reference in the documentation, specifically detailing the implementation in client applications. This reference should specify the exact version of the XCM message being used, as well as the junctions utilized and populated.

Flows ​

Delving into the details of cross-chain transfers, you can consult the following top-level diagrams that illustrate the various directional flows:

SORA to Parachain ​

¹ A sidechain asset (registered through register_sidechain_asset ) will be burned. A SORA mainnet asset (registered via register_thischain_asset) will be reserved.

Parachain to SORA ​

¹ The assets can originate from various sources, including other parachains or the Relay Chain, and the resulting action (reserve or burn) on the source chain is dependent on its specific implementation (typically initiated by calling either xcmPallet.reserveTransferAssets or xTokens.transfer). Ultimately, SORA parachain remains unaware of the final outcome, as it only receives an XCM message that will be subsequently relayed to the mainnet.

Common Pallets ​

There are several common pallets used in the SORA project, providing bridge functionality on both the parachain and SORA mainnet sides:

  • SubstrateDispatch: Developed by SORAMITSU (source code). This pallet decodes and checks messages, performs runtime calls, and creates a bridge origin to execute XCMApp and ParachainBridgeApp extrinsics. Only the bridge origin can call these extrinsics.

  • SubstrateBridgeInboundChannel: Developed by SORAMITSU (source code). This pallet handles the submission of incoming messages. While submitting messages can be called from any account, a relayer is used for this function. It utilizes BeefyLightClient or MultisigVerifier for message verification and SubstrateDispatch for message calling.

  • SubstrateBridgeOutboundChannel: Developed by SORAMITSU (source code). This pallet is responsible for sending outgoing messages. It is used by the ParachainBridgeApp and XCMApp to send messages to other networks.

SORA Mainnet Pallets ​

On the SORA Mainnet side, the following pallets are used:

  • ParachainBridgeApp: Developed by SORAMITSU (source code). This pallet serves as the main entry point for clients to send assets through the bridge. It also sends messages to the parachain (XCMApp) to register assets. The bridge requires bonding of ParachainBridgeApp on the Mainnet and XCMApp on the Parachain. It utilizes SubstrateBridgeOutboundChannel to send messages through the bridge and is used by SubstrateDispatch to execute messages.

Root extrinsics: finalizeAssetRegistration, registerThischainAsset, registerSidechainAsset, addAssetIdParaId, removeAssetIdParaId, mint. Extrinsic to be called by user: burn.

  • Assets: Developed by SORAMITSU (source code). This pallet implements assets on the SORA 2 Mainnet. It is used by ParachainBridgeApp to register, mint, and burn assets.

SORA Parachain Components ​

On the SORA parachain side, the following components are used:

  • XCMApp: Developed by SORAMITSU (source code). This pallet establishes the connection between the SORA 2 Mainnet and a relay chain/parachain. It maintains a mapping from the SORA 2 Mainnet AssetId (a 32-byte array) to a general XCM Multilocation. It enables the transfer of assets between SORA 2 Mainnet and a relay chain/parachain. Only the bridge origin can access the pallet's extrinsics. It utilizes SubstrateBridgeOutboundChannel to send messages through the bridge and is used by SubstrateDispatch to execute messages.

  • XTokens: Developed by the Open Web3 Stack (source code). This component is used by XCMApp to send tokens to a relay chain/parachains.

  • XCMExecutor: Developed by Parity. While not a pallet, it is a crucial component for executing XCM Messages. It utilizes XCMApp as a transactor and AssetId converter.

Federated Bridge Pallets ​

The Federated Bridge in SORA relies on the following pallets:

  • BridgeDataSigner: Developed by SORAMITSU (source code). This pallet is responsible for collecting signatures from different relayers and checks that message is signed by a valid peer.

Root extrinsics: registerNetwork, addPeer, removePeer, submit. Messages: see BridgeCall enum

  • MultisigVerifier: Developed by SORAMITSU (source code). This independent pallet is used by SubstrateBridgeInboundChannel and BeefyLightClient for message verification. It is also used by SubstrateDispatch to decode and dispatch bridge calls.

Root extrinsics: initialize, addPeer, removePeer.

  • The Relayer: Developed by SORAMITSU (source code). The Relayer is a separate service and not a pallet. It plays a crucial role in the Federated Bridge, passing through messages and holding private keys for signatures, similar to the Beefy bridge implementation.

Guides ​

Asset Registration ​

To execute a cross-chain token transfer, a registration process for the desired token is required beforehand. Token registration involves using the root extrinsics ParachainBridgeApp.registerSidechainAsset and ParachainBridgeApp.registerThischainAsset. For instance, to register a native token on the Rococo network, the following procedure is followed:

Image: Example of registering a Rococo native token

Similarly, to register a native token from another blockchain as transferable through a parachain, also known as whitelisting, the process is as follows:

Image: Example of registering a native blockchain for transfer via parachain

These extrinsics send messages to the SORA 2 Parachain, enabling the registration of asset mappings. Without this registration, tokens cannot be transferred through the parachain. Once the token is successfully registered, transfers can be initiated.

Transfers ​

WARNING

Only specific XCM messages for/from the corresponding networks have been tested and utilised in the client applications, such as Polkaswap. When constructing your own messages, exercise caution: there is a possibility that your funds could be permanently lost.

SORA <-> Polkadot ​

This section showcases various scenarios for bidirectional transfers between the SORA mainnet and Polkadot.

Polkadot -> SORA mainnet ​

To transfer assets from Polkadot to the SORA network, in addition to the XOR for the SORA network transaction, you will need to hold DOT tokens to pay the Polkadot network transaction fees.

To fill the call data with information from the figure, follow this link. Make sure you modify the recipient as well as the amount of tokens to be sent, if needed.

Image: Example of a DOT transfer to the Polkadot network from the SORA mainnet

The extrinsic to submit is xcmPallet then reserveTransferAssets(dest,beneficiary,assets,feeAssetitem):

  • The dest: is V3
    • The interior:XCMV3Junctions is X1
    • The Parachain is 2025
  • Then in the next section, Beneficiary:XCMVersionedMultiLocation is V3
    • Under V3:XCMMultilocation the interior:XCMV3Junctions is X1
    • The X1:XCMV3Junction is Accountid32, and in the id:[u8:32] section, input your SORA network account address (as the recipient of the transfer)
  • So far, you now have the sender and the receiver for the transfer, now let’s input the asset.
    • In assets: XcmVersionedMultiAssets select V3, then click Add Item
    • In the field Fungible:Compact<128> add the number of tokens to be transferred. You have to add ten zeroes after the amount.

Finally, submit the transaction and sign on the pop-up using your password. After the successful transaction, you will notice your DOT balance is reduced in Polkadot and has increased proportionally in your SORA account. Now, let’s test a transaction in the opposite direction;

TIP

Although SORA transactions are usually almost instant, cross network transactions will take between 3-4 minutes.

SORA mainnet -> Polkadot ​

To transfer assets from the SORA network to the Polkadot relay chain, you will need XOR and DOT tokens to pay for the transaction fees, similar to before. To fill the call data with information from the figure, follow this link. Make sure you modify the recipient as well as the amount to be sent, if needed.

Image: Example of a DOT transfer to the SORA mainnet from the Polkadot relay chain

The extrinsic to submit is bridgeProxy then burn:

  • The networkId is Sub since we are doing a transfer to another Substrate-based chain
    • As a Sub type choose Kusama
    • As an assetId, enter the DOT token address 0x0003b1dbee890acfb1b3bc12d1bb3b4295f52755423f84d1751b2545cebf000b
  • Moving on to the recipient configuration;
    • Choose Parachain
    • The version is V3
    • Parent is 1 to target Kusama
  • Enter your Kusama network address as accountId
  • Finally, enter the desired amount to be sent. You have to add eighteen zeroes after the amount.

Then, submit the transaction and sign on the pop-up using your password. After the successful transaction, you will notice your DOT balance is reduced in the SORA network and increased in Polkadot.

TIP

Although SORA transactions are usually almost instant, cross network transactions will take between 3-4 minutes.

SORA <-> Kusama ​

This section showcases various scenarios for bidirectional transfers between SORA mainnet and Kusama.

Kusama -> SORA mainnet ​

To transfer assets from Kusama to the SORA network, additional to the XOR for the SORA network transaction, you will need to hold KSM tokens to pay for the Kusama network transaction fees.

To fill the call data with information from the figure, follow this link. Make sure you modify the recipient as well as the amount of tokens to be sent, if needed.

Image: Example of a KSM transfer to the Kusama network from the SORA mainnet

The extrinsic to submit is xcmPallet then reserveTransferAssets(dest,beneficiary,assets,feeAssetitem):

  • The dest: is V3
    • The interior:XCMV3Junctions is X1
    • The Parachain is 2011
  • Then in the next section, Beneficiary:XCMVersionedMultiLocation is V3
    • Under V3:XCMMultilocation the interior:XCMV3Junctions is X1
    • The X1:XCMV3Junction is Accountid32 and in the id:[u8:32] section, input your SORA network account address (as the recipient of the to transfer)
  • So far, you now have the sender and the receiver for the transfer, now let’s input the asset.
    • In assets: XcmVersionedMultiAssets select V3, then click Add Item
    • In the field Fungible:Compact<128> add the number of tokens to be transferred. You have to add twelve zeroes after the amount. In this case, we are sending 10, so the input is 10000000000000

Finally, submit the transaction and sign on the pop-up using your password. After the transaction is successful, you will notice your KSM balance is reduced in Kusama and has increased proportionally in your SORA account. Now let’s test a transaction in the opposite direction;

TIP

Although SORA transactions are usually almost instant, cross network transactions will take between 3-4 minutes.

SORA mainnet -> Kusama ​

To transfer assets from the SORA network to the Kusama relay chain, you will need XOR and KSM tokens to pay for the transaction fees, similar to before. To fill the call data with information from the figure, follow this link. Make sure you modify the recipient as well as the amount to be sent, if needed.

Image: Example of a KSM transfer to the SORA mainnet from the Kusama relay chain

The extrinsic to submit is bridgeProxy then burn:

  • The networkId is Sub since we are doing a transfer to another Substrate-based chain
    • As a Sub type choose Kusama
    • As an assetId, enter the KSM token address 0x00117b0fa73c4672e03a7d9d774e3b3f91beb893e93d9a8d0430295f44225db8
  • Moving on to the recipient configuration;
    • Choose Parachain
    • Select version is V3
    • Parent is 1 to target Kusama
  • Enter your Kusama network address as accountId
  • Finally, enter the desired amount to be sent. You have to add eighteen zeroes after the amount. In this case, we are sending 10, so the input is 10000000000000000000

Then, submit the transaction and sign on the pop-up using your password. After the transaction is successful, you will notice your KSM balance is reduced in the SORA network and increased in Kusama.

TIP

Although SORA transactions are usually almost instant, cross network transactions will take between 3-4 minutes.

SORA <-> Rococo ​

This section showcases various scenarios for bidirectional transfers between SORA mainnet and Rococo.

SORA mainnet -> Rococo ​

To transfer a token to a relaychain, the extrinsic ParachainBridgeApp.burn is used. For instance, to transfer a ROC token to the Rococo relay chain, the following procedure is followed:

Image: Example of transferring ROC to the Rococo relay chain

To specify a parachain as the transfer destination, the following request needs to be made:

Image: Example of indicating a parachain as the transfer target

By following these steps, cross-chain transfers can be successfully executed, allowing for seamless movement of tokens between different chains within the network.

How to Track the Status of the Transfer ​

Other Parachain -> SORA mainnet ​

  1. After executing the transaction initiating a XCM message, the xcmpQueue.XcmpMessageSent event is emitted.

  1. After a certain period of time and upon successful arrival of the message to the SORA Parachain, the xcmpQueue.Success event is emitted. This event will have the same message hash as shown in the example from (1). As a result, it will be possible to find substrateBridgeOutboundChannel.MessageAccepted from the same extrinsic. The event will contain the nonce of the message, which will be passed to the mainnet.

  1. The Parachain routes the message to the mainnet. Once it arrives, the substrateDispatch.MessageDispatched event with the same nonce as in (2) is emitted.

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